Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Titanium has a unique combination of mechanical and physical properties. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density and high strength and it´s highly resistant to corrosion in seawater and in chlorine.
Titanium and Titanium alloys are categorised based on their metallurgy e.g. alpha (α), near-alpha, alpha-beta (α-β) and beta (β) alloys. The differences in metallurgical phases are designed to deliver unique properties for specific applications.
Pure Ti undergoes a phase transformation from hexagonal close packed (hcp) α to body centered cubic (bcc) β at about 890 ̊C .
Aerospace Industry: Used in aircraft and spacecraft components due to its lightweight nature, high strength-to-weight ratio, and corrosion resistance, contributing to fuel efficiency and durability.
Medical Devices: Utilized in orthopedic implants and surgical instruments due to its biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and ability to bond with bone tissue, ensuring long-term implant success.
Chemical Processing: Employed in equipment and machinery for handling corrosive chemicals and high-temperature environments, such as reactors, valves, and piping systems, where corrosion resistance is critical.
Electronics: Used in electronic devices for various applications, including as components in sensors, actuators, and electrical connectors, where corrosion resistance and high-temperature stability are essential.
Marine Industry: Applied in marine vessels, offshore platforms, and underwater structures due to its corrosion resistance to seawater and saline environments, enhancing the longevity of marine structures.
Automotive Industry: Utilized in automotive components such as exhaust systems, turbochargers, and engine valves due to their high-temperature strength, corrosion resistance, and ability to withstand harsh operating conditions.
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TITANIUM ALLOYS |
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|
Standard ASTM B265 |
Alloy UNS |
TYPICAL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION % |
||||||
|
C |
N |
O |
H |
Fe |
Ti |
Others |
||
|
ALPHA |
||||||||
|
Grade 1 |
R 50250 |
0.08 |
0.03 |
0.18 |
0.015 |
0.2 |
Balance |
Others (each): 0.1 Others (total): 0.4 |
|
Grade 2 |
R 50400 |
0.08 |
0.03 |
0.25 |
0.015 |
0.3 |
Balance |
Others (each): 0.1 Others (total): 0.4 |
|
Grade 3 |
R 50550 |
0.08 |
0.05 |
0.35 |
0.015 |
0.3 |
Balance |
Others (each): 0.1 Others (total): 0.4 |
|
Grade 4 |
R 50700 |
0.08 |
0.05 |
0.4 |
0.015 |
0.5 |
Balance |
Others (each): 0.1 Others (total): 0.4 |
|
Grade 7 |
R52400 |
0.08 |
0.03 |
0.25 |
0.015 |
0.3 |
Balance |
Others (each): 0.1 Others (total): 0.4 Ob: 0.12 - 0.25 |
|
Grade 11 |
R52250 |
0.08 |
0.03 |
0.18 |
0.015 |
0.2 |
Balance |
Others (each): 0.1 Others (total): 0.4 Ob: 0.12 - 0.25 |
|
ALPHA/BETA |
||||||||
|
Grade 5 (Ti 6Al-4V) |
R56400 |
Strip: 0.08 Wire: 0.1 |
0.05 |
0.2 |
0.015 |
Strip: 0.4 Wire: 0.03 |
Balance |
Strip: Al 5.5 - 6.75 V 3.5 - 4.5 Others (each): 0.1 Others (total): 0.4 Ob: 0.12 - 0.25 Wire: Al 5.5 – 7.5 |
|
Grade 9 (Ti 3Al 2.5V) |
R56320 |
0.08 |
0.03 |
0.15 |
0.015 |
0.25 |
Balance |
Al: 2.5 - 3.5 Va: 2.0 - 3.0 Others (each): 0.1 Others (total): 0.4 |
|
BETA |
||||||||
|
21S |
R58210 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
0.17 |
0.015 |
0.4 |
Balance |
Al: 2.5 - 3.5 Mo: 14.0 - 16.0 Nb: 2.2 - 3.2 Si: 0.15 - 0.25 Others (each): 0.1 Others (total): 0.4 |
|
Alloy |
|
0.2% Proof |
Tens. |
Fatigue |
Elong. |
Red. Of Area |
Elastic |
|
Commercially Pure |
ASTM Grade 1 |
172 |
241 |
50 |
25 |
35 |
103 |
|
Commercially Pure |
ASTM Grade 2 |
276 |
345 |
50 |
20 |
35 |
103 |
|
Commercially Pure |
ASTM Grade 3 |
379 |
448 |
50 |
18 |
35 |
103 |
|
Commercially Pure |
ASTM Grade 4 |
483 |
552 |
50 |
15 |
30 |
104 |
|
Ti-3%Al-2.5%V |
ASTM Grade 9 |
483 |
621 |
- |
15 |
- |
91 |
|
Ti-0.8%Ni-0.3%Mo |
ASTM Grade 12 |
345 |
483 |
- |
18 |
25 |
103 |
|
Ti-3%Al-8%V-6%Cr-4%Zr-4%Mo |
Beta C |
1104 |
1172 |
- |
6 |
19 |
103 |
|
Ti-15%Mo-3%Nb-3%Al-0.2%Si |
Timetal 21 Sa |
750 |
792 |
- |
10b |
- |
74 |
|
Ti-6%Al-4%V |
ASTM Grade 5 |
828 |
897 |
55-60 |
10 |
20 |
114 |
|
Ti-2.5%Cu |
IMI 230 |
400 |
540 |
- |
16 |
35 |
- |
|
Ti-4%Al-4%Mo-2%Sn-0.5%Si |
IMI 550 |
959 |
1104 |
50-60 |
9 |
38 |
114 |
|
Ti-6%Al-6%V-2%Sn |
|
966 |
1035 |
50-60 |
8 |
15 |
- |
|
Ti-10%V-2%Fe-3%Al |
|
1104 |
1241 |
50 |
- |
- |
103 |
|
Ti-15%V-3%Cr-3%Sn-3%Al |
|
966 |
1000 |
- |
7 |
- |
103 |
|
Ti-8%Al-1%Mo-1%V |
|
828 |
897 |
- |
10 |
20 |
117 |
|
Ti-6%Al-5%Zr-0.5%Mo-0.2%Si |
IMI 685 |
990 |
850 |
- |
6 |
- |
125 |
|
Ti-6%Al-2%Sn-4%Zr-2%Mo |
|
862 |
931 |
50-60 |
8 |
- |
114 |
|
Ti-6%Al-2%Sn-4%Zr-6%Mo |
|
1069 |
1172 |
- |
10 |
20 |
114 |
|
Ti-5.5%Al-3.5%Sn-3%Zr-1%Nb-0.3%Mo-0.3%Si |
IMI 829 |
820 |
960 |
50 |
10 |
- |
120 |
|
Ti-5.8%Al-4%Sn-3.5%Zr-0.7%Nb-0.5%Mo-0.3%Si |
IMI 834 |
910 |
1030 |
- |
6 |
- |
120 |
Titanium alloys are highly resistant to oxidising acids, with corrosion rates typically less than 0.03 mm/year. Corrosion of titanium alloys may be encountered when the temperature & concentration of reducing acid solutions exceed critical values, which breaks down the surface oxide layer.
To optimize titanium alloy properties, heat treatment is vital. Parameters like temperature (700-950°C) and duration (1-4 hours) affect ductility, strength, and corrosion resistance.
Annealing reduces residual stresses, improving ductility. The process involves heating (700-800°C) and cooling, yielding a tensile strength of 860-1000 MPa and 10-15% elongation.
Stress relieving removes internal tensions post-fabrication. While heating at 480-595°C for 1-4 hours increases titanium alloy service life, ensuring optimal performance.
Solution treating (800-950°C) dissolves precipitates, followed by rapid cooling. Aging (500-700°C) increases strength and hardness, achieving 1200-1300 MPa tensile strength.
During the process of hot forming there is increased ductility, lower forming pressures and reduced springback. Preheated dies are recommended for use to prevent chilling. Once titanium blanks are heated to the point deformation is taking place (Usually at temperatures of 400 – 600°F for commercially pure grades and 800 – 1300°F for the alloy grades) its behavior will change, performing more like annealed 1/8 hard stainless steel. However when commercially pure titanium is cold formed it will act more like 1/8 to ¼ hard stainless steel.
The thermal conductivity of most titanium alloys is very low, only 1/7 of steel and 1/16 of aluminum. Therefore, the heat generated in the process of cutting titanium alloy will not be quickly transferred to the workpiece or taken away by chips, but will be accumulated in the cutting area, and the generated temperature can be as high as 1000 ° C, causing the cutting edge of the tool to wear, crack and die rapidly. Build-up edge build-up, rapid appearance of worn edges, in turn generates more heat in the cutting zone, further shortening tool life.
Titanium alloy welding requires inert atmospheres to prevent contamination. Techniques like gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and electron beam welding (EBW) yield high-quality, reliable joints.
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